A global analysis of violence against women defenders in environmental conflicts

Abstract Women environmental defenders face retaliation for mobilizing against extractive and polluting projects, which perpetrate violence Indigenous, minority, poor rural communities. The issue matters because it highlights the gendered nature of urgent need to address systemic patterns that affect women defenders, who are often overlooked underreported. Here we analyse in conflicts around world. We use data from Environmental Justice Atlas employ log-linear binomial regressions find statistically significant displacement, repression, criminalization, violent targeting assassinations committed conflicts. Statistical results indicate is concentrated among mining, agribusiness industrial geographical South. Repression, criminalization closely linked, while displacement assassination appear as extreme outcomes when conflict worsens. experience high rates regardless countries’ governance accountability gender equality. This work contributes broader sustainability agenda by highlighting impacts activities on women.